Well besides of the already mentioned chess, I think the games that help the most are point&click games (some of them, stuff like Monkey Island where everything is pretty absurd aren't a good choice) or game focused around puzzles that make you think differently.
For exampe Antichamber is a weird puzzle game where you have to think a lot in different ways to proceed: a pretty unique game, and a good one.
A more "traditional" puzzle game that forces you to think a lot would be The Talos Principle, a game with a lot of different puzzles - and just that, puzzles after puzzles.
I think the Witness might be good too, but I haven't played it so I'm not 100% sure.